孙子兵法英文版 The Art Of War Chapter 11 The Nine Situations

1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:

(1) Dispersive1 ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious2 ground;(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed3-in ground;(9) desperate ground.

2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,it is dispersive ground.

3. When he has penetrated5 into hostile territory,but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified6 cities in its rear, it is serious ground.

8. Mountain forests, rugged7 steeps, marshes8 and fens—all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.

9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,and from which we can only retire by tortuous9 paths,so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,attack not.

12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.

13. On serious ground, gather in plunder10.In difficult ground, keep steadily11 on the march.

14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem12.On desperate ground, fight.

15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,the officers from rallying their men.

16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder13.

17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.

18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable14 to your will."

19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,and attack unguarded spots.

20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate4 into a country, the greater will be the solidarity15 of your troops,and thus the defenders16 will not prevail against you.

21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.

22. Carefully study the well-being17 of your men,and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard18 your strength. Keep your army continually on the move,and devise unfathomable plans.

23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth19 their uttermost strength.

24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge,they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country,they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.

25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can

be trusted.

26. Prohibit the taking of omens20, and do away with superstitious21 doubts. Then, until death itself comes,no calamity22need be feared.

27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,it is not because they have a distaste for riches;if their lives are not unduly23long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity24.

28. On the day they are ordered out to battle,your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.

29. The skillful tactician25 may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you

will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,and you will be attacked by head and tail both.

30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.

31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground

32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.

33. How to make the best of both strong and weak—that is a question involving the proper use of ground.

34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.

35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy26; upright and just, and thus maintain order.

36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.

37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.By shifting his camp and taking circuitous27 routes,he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.

38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.

39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.

40. To muster28 his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the business of the general.

41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency29 of aggressive or defensive30 tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:these are things that must most certainly be studied.

42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating31 deeply brings cohesion;penetrating but a short way means dispersion.

43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.

44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way,it is facile ground.

45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.

46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity32 of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.

47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.

48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant33 eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways,I would consolidate34 my alliances.

49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,I would keep pushing on along the road.

50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.

51. For it is the soldier's disposition35 to offer an obstinate36 resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly37 when he has fallen into danger.

52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,its pitfalls38 and precipices39, its marshes and swamps.We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.

53. To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.

54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents,and their allies are prevented from joining against him.

55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry41, nor does he foster the power of other states.He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists42 in awe40. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow43 their kingdoms.

56. Bestow44 rewards without regard to rule,issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.

57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.

58. Place your army in deadly peril45, and it will survive;plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.

59. For it is precisely46 when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.

60. Success in warfare47 is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.

61. By persistently48 hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing49 the commander-in-chief.

62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.

63. On the day that you take up your command,block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,and stop the passage of all emissaries.

64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.

65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.

66. Forestall50 your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,and subtly contrive51 to time his arrival on the ground.

67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.

68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate52 the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.

原文：　 【九地第十一】

1.用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。 诸侯自战其地者，为散地;入人之地不深者，为轻地;

我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地;我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地; 诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地;

入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地;山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地;所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地;疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，泛地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。

2.古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问:“敌众整而将来，待之若何?”曰：“先夺其所爱，则听矣。”兵之情主速，乘人之不及,由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

3.凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，掠于饶野，三军足食;谨养而勿劳，并气积力;运兵计谋，为不可测。

投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。

吾士无余财，非恶货也;无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。

4.故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问兵可使如率然乎?曰可。夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济而遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也;齐勇如一，政之道也;刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。

5.将军之事，静以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知;易其事，革其谋，使人无识;易其居，迂其途，使民不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯;帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机。焚舟破釜，若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。

九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察也。

6.凡为客之道，深则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也;四通者，衢地也;入深者，重地也;入浅者，轻地也;背固前隘者，围地也;无所往者，死地也。

是故散地，吾将一其志;轻地，吾将使之属;争地，吾将趋其后;交地，吾将谨其守;衢地，吾将固其结;重地吾将继其食，圮地，吾将进其途;围地，吾将塞其阙;死地，吾将示之以不活。

故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。

7.是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军;不用乡导，不能得地利。四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚;威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，则其城可拔，其国可隳。

施无法之赏，悬无政之令。犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言;犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。

故为兵之事，在顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，是谓巧能成事。

8.是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。敌人开阖，必亟入之，先其所爱，微与之期。践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始如处女，敌人开户;后如脱兔，敌不及拒。

译文：　　【九地第十一】

1、孙子说：按照用兵的原则，军事地理有散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地。诸侯在本国境内作战的地区，叫做散地。在敌国浅近纵深作战的地区，叫做轻地。我方得到有利，敌人得到也有利的地区，叫做争地。我军可以前往，敌军也可以前来的地区，叫做交地。多国相毗邻，先到就可以获得诸侯列国援助的地区，叫做衢地。深入敌国腹地，背靠敌人众多城邑的地区，叫做重地。山林险阻沼泽等难于通行的地区，叫做圮地。行军的道路狭窄，退兵的道路迂远，敌人可以用少量兵力攻击我方众多兵力的地区，叫做围地。迅速奋战就能生存，不迅速奋战就会全军覆灭的地区，叫做死地。因此，处于散地就不宜作战，处于轻地就不宜停留，遇上争地就不要勉强强攻，遇上交地就不要断绝联络，进入衢地就应该结交诸侯，深入重地就要掠取粮草，碰到圮地就必须迅速通过，陷入围地就要设谋脱险，处于死地就要力战求生。

2、从前善于指挥作战的人，能使敌人前后部队不能相互策应，主力和小部队无法相互依靠，官兵之间不能相互救援，上下级之间不能互相联络，士兵分散不能集中，合兵布阵也不整齐。对我有利就打，对我无利就停止行动。试问：敌人兵员众多且又阵势严整向我发起进攻，那该用什么办法对付它呢?回答是：先夺取敌人最关心爱护的，这样就听从我们的摆布了。用兵之理贵在神速，要乘敌人措手不及的时机，走敌人意料不到的道路，攻击敌人没有戒备的地方。

3、在敌国境内进行作战的一般规律是：越深入敌国腹地，我军军心就越坚固，敌人就不易战胜我们。在敌国丰饶地区掠取粮草，部队给养就有了保障。要注意休整部队，不要使其过于疲劳，保持土气，养精蓄锐。部署兵力，巧设计谋，使敌人无法判断我军的意图。将部队置于无路可走的绝境，士卒就会宁死不退。士卒既能宁死不退，那么他们怎么会不殊死作战呢!士卒深陷危险的境地，就不再存在恐惧，一旦无路可走，军心就会牢固。深入敌境军队就不会离散。遇到迫不得已的情况，军队就会殊死奋战。因此，不须整饬就能注意戒备，不用强求就能完成任务，无须约束就能亲密团结，不待申令就会遵守纪律。禁止占卜迷信，消除士卒的疑虑，他们至死也不会逃避。我军士卒没有多余的钱财，并不是不爱钱财;士卒置生死于度外，也不是不想长寿。当作战命令颁布之时，坐着的士卒泪沾衣襟，躺着的士卒泪流满面，但把士卒置于无路可走的绝境，他们就都会象专诸、曹刿一样的勇敢。

4、善于指挥作战的人，能使部队自我策应如同“率然”蛇一样。“率然”是常山地方一种蛇，打它的头部，尾巴就来救应;打它的尾，头就来救应;打它的腰，头尾都来救应。试问：可以使军队象“率然”一样吧?回答是：可以。那吴国人和越国人是互相仇视的，但当他们同船渡河而遇上大风时，他们相互救援，就如同人的左右手一样。所以，想用缚住马缰、深埋车轮这种显示死战决心的办法来稳定部队，是靠不住的。要使部队能够齐心协力奋勇作战如同一人，关键在于部队管理教育有方。要使强弱不同的士卒都能发挥作用，在于恰当地利用地形。所以善于用兵的人，能使全军上下携手团结如同一人，这是因为客观形势迫使部队不得不这样。

5、主持军事行动，要做到考虑谋略沉着冷静而幽深莫测，管理部队公正严明而有条不紊。要能蒙蔽士卒的视听，使他们对于军事行动毫无所知;变更作战部署，改变原定计划，使人无法识破真相;不时变换驻地，故意迂回前进，使人无从推测意图。将帅向军队赋予作战任务，要象使其登高而抽去梯子一样。将帅率领士卒深入诸侯国土，要象弩机发出的箭一样一往无前。对待士卒要能如驱赶羊群一样，赶过去又赶过来，使他们不知道要到哪里去。集结全军，把他们置于险境，这就是统帅军队的要点。九种地形的应变处置，攻防进退的利害得失，全军上下的心理状态，这些都是作为将帅不能不认真研究和周密考察的。

6、在敌国境内作战的规律是：深入敌境则军心稳固，浅入敌境则军心容易涣散。进入敌境进行作战的称为绝地;四通八达的地区叫做衢地;进入敌境纵深的地区叫做重地;进入敌境浅的地区叫做轻地;背有险阻前有隘路的地区叫围地;无路可走的地区就是死地。因此，在散地，要统一军队意志;在轻地，要使营阵紧密相连;在争地，要迅速出兵抄到敌人的后面;在交地，就要谨慎防守;在衢地，就要巩固与列国的结盟;入重地，就要保障军粮供应;在圮地，就必须迅速通过;陷入围地，就要堵塞缺口;到了死地，就要显示死战的决心。所以，士卒的心理状态是：陷入包围就会竭力抵抗，形势逼迫就会拚死战斗，身处绝境就会听从指挥。

7、不了解诸侯列国的战略意图，就不要与之结交;不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形情况，就不能行军;不使用向导，就无法得到地利。这些情况，如有一样不了解，都不能成为称王争霸的军队。凡是王霸的军队，进攻大国，能使敌国的军民来不及动员集中;兵威加在敌人头上，能够使敌方的盟国无法配合策应。因此，没有必要去争着同天下诸侯结交，也用不着在各诸侯国里培植自己的势力，只要施展自己的战略意图，把兵威施加在敌人头上，就可以拔取敌人的城邑，摧毁敌人的国都。施行超越惯例的奖赏，颁布不拘常规的号令，指挥全军就如同使用一个人一样。向部下布置作战任务，但不说明其中意图。只告知利益而不指出危害。将士卒置于危地，才能转危为安;使士卒陷于死地，才能起死回生。军队深陷绝境，然后才能赢得胜利。所以，指导战争的关键，在于谨慎地观察敌人的战略意图，集中兵力攻击敌人一部，千里奔袭，斩杀敌将，这就是所谓巧妙用兵，实现克敌制胜的目的。

8、因此，在决定战争方略的时候，就要封锁关口，废除通行符证，不充许敌国使者往来;要在庙堂里再三谋划，作出战略决策。敌人一旦出现间隙，就要迅速乘机而入。首先夺取敌人战略要地，但不要轻易与敌约期决战。要灵活机动，因敌情来决定自己的作战行动。因此，战争开始之前要象处女那样显得沉静柔弱，诱使敌人放松戒备;战斗展开之后，则要象脱逃的野兔一样行动迅速，使敌人措手不及，无从抵抗。

1 Dispersive        

adj. 分散的

参考例句：

In many atomic fluorescence applications a non-dispersive optical system may be used. 在许多原子荧光法的应用中，可以采用非分散的光学系统。

The wave are of course dispersive. 当然这种波是弥散的。

2 contentious        

adj.好辩的，善争吵的

参考例句：

She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。

Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起，他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。

3 hemmed        

缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围

参考例句：

He hemmed and hawed but wouldn't say anything definite. 他总是哼儿哈儿的，就是不说句痛快话。

The soldiers were hemmed in on all sides. 士兵们被四面包围了。

4 penetrate        

v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解

参考例句：

Western ideas penetrate slowly through the East.西方观念逐渐传入东方。

The sunshine could not penetrate where the trees were thickest.阳光不能透入树木最浓密的地方。

5 penetrated        

adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式

参考例句：

The knife had penetrated his chest. 刀子刺入了他的胸膛。

They penetrated into territory where no man had ever gone before. 他们已进入先前没人去过的地区。

6 fortified        

adj. 加强的

参考例句：

He fortified himself against the cold with a hot drink. 他喝了一杯热饮御寒。

The enemy drew back into a few fortified points. 敌人收缩到几个据点里。

7 rugged        

adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的

参考例句：

Football players must be rugged.足球运动员必须健壮。

The Rocky Mountains have rugged mountains and roads.落基山脉有崇山峻岭和崎岖不平的道路。

8 marshes        

n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 )

参考例句：

Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。

We had to cross the marshes. 我们不得不穿过那片沼泽地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 tortuous        

adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的

参考例句：

We have travelled a tortuous road.我们走过了曲折的道路。

They walked through the tortuous streets of the old city.他们步行穿过老城区中心弯弯曲曲的街道。

10 plunder        

vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠

参考例句：

The thieves hid their plunder in the cave.贼把赃物藏在山洞里。

Trade should not serve as a means of economic plunder.贸易不应当成为经济掠夺的手段。

11 steadily        

adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地

参考例句：

The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。

Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。

12 stratagem        

n.诡计，计谋

参考例句：

Knit the brows and a stratagem comes to mind.眉头一皱，计上心来。

Trade discounts may be used as a competitive stratagem to secure customer loyalty.商业折扣可以用作维护顾客忠诚度的一种竞争策略。

13 disorder        

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。

It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

14 amenable        

adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的

参考例句：

His scientific discoveries are amenable to the laws of physics.他在科学上的发现经得起物理定律的检验。

He is amenable to counsel.他这人听劝。

15 solidarity        

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。

The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

16 defenders        

n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者

参考例句：

The defenders were outnumbered and had to give in. 抵抗者寡不敌众，只能投降。 来自《简明英汉词典》

After hard fighting,the defenders were still masters of the city. 守军经过奋战仍然控制着城市。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 well-being        

n.安康，安乐，幸福

参考例句：

He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。

My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福，却被误解为多管闲事。

18 hoard        

n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积

参考例句：

They have a hoard of food in the basement.地下室里有他们贮藏的食物。

How many curios do you hoard in your study?你在你书房里聚藏了多少古玩？

19 forth        

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。

He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

20 omens        

n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 )

参考例句：

The omens for the game are still not propitious. 这场比赛仍不被看好。 来自辞典例句

Such omens betide no good. 这种征兆预示情况不妙。 来自辞典例句

21 superstitious        

adj.迷信的

参考例句：

They aim to deliver the people who are in bondage to superstitious belief.他们的目的在于解脱那些受迷信束缚的人。

These superstitious practices should be abolished as soon as possible.这些迷信做法应尽早取消。

22 calamity        

n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件

参考例句：

Even a greater natural calamity cannot daunt us. 再大的自然灾害也压不垮我们。

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a crushing calamity.偷袭珍珠港(对美军来说)是一场毁灭性的灾难。

23 unduly        

adv.过度地，不适当地

参考例句：

He did not sound unduly worried at the prospect.他的口气听上去对前景并不十分担忧。

He argued that the law was unduly restrictive.他辩称法律的约束性有些过分了。

24 longevity        

n.长命；长寿

参考例句：

Good habits promote longevity.良好的习惯能增长寿命。

Human longevity runs in families.人类的长寿具有家族遗传性。

25 tactician        

n. 战术家, 策士

参考例句：

This was why an airport manager needed to be a tactician as well as versatile administrator. 因此，一个空港经理必须既是一个计谋家，又是一个能应付各种情况的行政管理家。

The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. 故善用兵者，譬如率然。

26 secrecy        

n.秘密，保密，隐蔽

参考例句：

All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.该项目的所有研究人员都按要求起誓保守秘密。

Complete secrecy surrounded the meeting.会议在绝对机密的环境中进行。

27 circuitous        

adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的

参考例句：

They took a circuitous route to avoid reporters.他们绕道避开了记者。

The explanation was circuitous and puzzling.这个解释很迂曲，让人困惑不解。

28 muster        

v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册

参考例句：

Go and muster all the men you can find.去集合所有你能找到的人。

I had to muster my courage up to ask him that question.我必须鼓起勇气向他问那个问题。

29 expediency        

n.适宜；方便；合算；利己

参考例句：

The government is torn between principle and expediency. 政府在原则与权宜之间难于抉择。 来自《简明英汉词典》

It was difficult to strike the right balance between justice and expediency. 在公正与私利之间很难两全。 来自辞典例句

30 defensive        

adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的

参考例句：

Their questions about the money put her on the defensive.他们问到钱的问题，使她警觉起来。

The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids.政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。

31 penetrating        

adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的

参考例句：

He had an extraordinarily penetrating gaze. 他的目光有股异乎寻常的洞察力。

He examined the man with a penetrating gaze. 他以锐利的目光仔细观察了那个人。

32 unity        

n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调

参考例句：

When we speak of unity,we do not mean unprincipled peace.所谓团结，并非一团和气。

We must strengthen our unity in the face of powerful enemies.大敌当前，我们必须加强团结。

33 vigilant        

adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的

参考例句：

He has to learn how to remain vigilant through these long nights.他得学会如何在这漫长的黑夜里保持警觉。

The dog kept a vigilant guard over the house.这只狗警醒地守护着这所房屋。

34 consolidate        

v.使加固，使加强；(把...)联为一体，合并

参考例句：

The two banks will consolidate in July next year. 这两家银行明年7月将合并。

The government hoped to consolidate ten states to form three new ones.政府希望把十个州合并成三个新的州。

35 disposition        

n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署

参考例句：

He has made a good disposition of his property.他已对财产作了妥善处理。

He has a cheerful disposition.他性情开朗。

36 obstinate        

adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的

参考例句：

She's too obstinate to let anyone help her.她太倔强了，不会让任何人帮她的。

The trader was obstinate in the negotiation.这个商人在谈判中拗强固执。

37 promptly        

adv.及时地，敏捷地

参考例句：

He paid the money back promptly.他立即还了钱。

She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。

38 pitfalls        

（捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误

参考例句：

the potential pitfalls of buying a house 购买房屋可能遇到的圈套

Several pitfalls remain in the way of an agreement. 在达成协议的进程中还有几个隐藏的困难。

39 precipices        

n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 )

参考例句：

Sheer above us rose the Spy-glass, here dotted with single pines, there black with precipices. 我们的头顶上方耸立着陡峭的望远镜山，上面长着几棵孤零零的松树，其他地方则是黑黝黝的悬崖绝壁。 来自英汉文学 - 金银岛

Few people can climb up to the sheer precipices and overhanging rocks. 悬崖绝壁很少有人能登上去。 来自互联网

40 awe        

n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧

参考例句：

The sight filled us with awe.这景色使我们大为惊叹。

The approaching tornado struck awe in our hearts.正在逼近的龙卷风使我们惊恐万分。

41 sundry        

adj.各式各样的，种种的

参考例句：

This cream can be used to treat sundry minor injuries.这种药膏可用来治各种轻伤。

We can see the rich man on sundry occasions.我们能在各种场合见到那个富豪。

42 antagonists        

对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药

参考例句：

The cavalier defeated all the antagonists. 那位骑士打败了所有的敌手。

The result was the entire reconstruction of the navies of both the antagonists. 双方的海军就从这场斗争里获得了根本的改造。

43 overthrow        

v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆

参考例句：

After the overthrow of the government,the country was in chaos.政府被推翻后，这个国家处于混乱中。

The overthrow of his plans left him much discouraged.他的计划的失败使得他很气馁。

44 bestow        

v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费

参考例句：

He wished to bestow great honors upon the hero.他希望将那些伟大的荣誉授予这位英雄。

What great inspiration wiII you bestow on me?你有什么伟大的灵感能馈赠给我？

45 peril        

n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物

参考例句：

The refugees were in peril of death from hunger.难民有饿死的危险。

The embankment is in great peril.河堤岌岌可危。

46 precisely        

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。

The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

47 warfare        

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。

Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。

48 persistently        

ad.坚持地；固执地

参考例句：

He persistently asserted his right to a share in the heritage. 他始终声称他有分享那笔遗产的权利。

She persistently asserted her opinions. 她果断地说出了自己的意见。

49 killing        

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。

Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

50 forestall        

vt.抢在…之前采取行动；预先阻止

参考例句：

I left the room to forestall involvements.我抢先离开了这房间以免受牵累。

He followed this rule in order to forestall rumors.他遵守这条规矩是为了杜绝流言蜚语。

51 contrive        

vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出

参考例句：

Can you contrive to be here a little earlier?你能不能早一点来？

How could you contrive to make such a mess of things?你怎么把事情弄得一团糟呢？

52 emulate        

v.努力赶上或超越，与…竞争；效仿

参考例句：

You must work hard to emulate your sister.你必须努力工作，赶上你姐姐。

You must look at the film and try to emulate his behavior.你们必须观看这部电影，并尽力模仿他的动作。